Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt's constituent ions. For example, dissolving ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation
NH 4 Cl ( s ) ⇌ NH 4 + ( a q ) + Cl − ( a q ) NH 4 Cl ( s ) ⇌ NH 4 + ( a q ) + Cl − ( a q )The ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of the base ammonia, NH3; its acid ionization (or acid hydrolysis) reaction is represented by
NH 4 + ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + NH 3 ( a q ) K a = K w / K b NH 4 + ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + NH 3 ( a q ) K a = K w / K b
Since ammonia is a weak base, Kb is measurable and Ka > 0 (ammonium ion is a weak acid).
The chloride ion is the conjugate base of hydrochloric acid, and so its base ionization (or base hydrolysis) reaction is represented by
Cl − ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ HCl ( a q ) + OH − ( a q ) K b = K w / K a Cl − ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ HCl ( a q ) + OH − ( a q ) K b = K w / K a
Since HCl is a strong acid, Ka is immeasurably large and Kb ≈ 0 (chloride ions don’t undergo appreciable hydrolysis).
Thus, dissolving ammonium chloride in water yields a solution of weak acid cations ( NH 4 + NH 4 + ) and inert anions (Cl − ), resulting in an acidic solution.
Aniline is an amine that is used to manufacture dyes. It is isolated as anilinium chloride, [ C 6 H 5 NH 3 ] Cl , [ C 6 H 5 NH 3 ] Cl , a salt prepared by the reaction of the weak base aniline and hydrochloric acid. What is the pH of a 0.233 M solution of anilinium chloride
C 6 H 5 NH 3 + ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + C 6 H 5 NH 2 ( a q ) C 6 H 5 NH 3 + ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + C 6 H 5 NH 2 ( a q )
K a = K w K b = 1.0 × 10 −14 4.3 × 10 −10 = 2.3 × 10 −5 K a = K w K b = 1.0 × 10 −14 4.3 × 10 −10 = 2.3 × 10 −5
Using the provided information, an ICE table for this system is prepared:
Substituting these equilibrium concentration terms into the Ka expression gives
K a = [ C 6 H 5 NH 2 ] [ H 3 O + ] / [ C 6 H 5 NH 3 + ] 2.3 × 10 − 5 = ( x ) ( x ) / 0.233 − x ) K a = [ C 6 H 5 NH 2 ] [ H 3 O + ] / [ C 6 H 5 NH 3 + ] 2.3 × 10 − 5 = ( x ) ( x ) / 0.233 − x )
2.3 × 10 − 5 = x 2 / 0.233 x = 0.0023 M 2.3 × 10 − 5 = x 2 / 0.233 x = 0.0023 MThe ICE table defines x as the hydronium ion molarity, and so the pH is computed as
pH = − log [ H 3 O + ] = − log ( 0.0023 ) = 2.64 pH = − log [ H 3 O + ] = − log ( 0.0023 ) = 2.64What is the hydronium ion concentration in a 0.100-M solution of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, a salt composed of the ions NH 4 + NH 4 + and NO 3 − . NO 3 − . Which is the stronger acid C 6 H 5 NH 3 + C 6 H 5 NH 3 + or NH 4 + ? NH 4 + ?
[H3O + ] = 7.5 × × 10 −6 M; C 6 H 5 NH 3 + C 6 H 5 NH 3 + is the stronger acid.
As another example, consider dissolving sodium acetate in water:
NaCH 3 CO 2 ( s ) ⇋ Na + ( a q ) + CH 3 CO 2 − ( a q ) NaCH 3 CO 2 ( s ) ⇋ Na + ( a q ) + CH 3 CO 2 − ( a q )
The sodium ion does not undergo appreciable acid or base ionization and has no effect on the solution pH. This may seem obvious from the ion's formula, which indicates no hydrogen or oxygen atoms, but some dissolved metal ions function as weak acids, as addressed later in this section.
The acetate ion, CH 3 CO 2 − , CH 3 CO 2 − , is the conjugate base of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, and so its base ionization (or base hydrolysis) reaction is represented by
CH 3 CO 2 − ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ CH 3 CO 2 H ( a q ) + OH − ( a q ) K b = K w / K a CH 3 CO 2 − ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ CH 3 CO 2 H ( a q ) + OH − ( a q ) K b = K w / K a
Because acetic acid is a weak acid, its Ka is measurable and Kb > 0 (acetate ion is a weak base).
Dissolving sodium acetate in water yields a solution of inert cations (Na + ) and weak base anions (CH 3 CO 2 − ) , (CH 3 CO 2 − ) , resulting in a basic solution.
Determine the acetic acid concentration in a solution with [ CH 3 CO 2 − ] = 0.050 M [ CH 3 CO 2 − ] = 0.050 M and [OH − ] = 2.5 × × 10 −6 M at equilibrium. The reaction is:
CH 3 CO 2 − ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ CH 3 CO 2 H ( a q ) + OH − ( a q ) CH 3 CO 2 − ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ CH 3 CO 2 H ( a q ) + OH − ( a q )
The provided equilibrium concentrations and a value for the equilibrium constant will permit calculation of the missing equilibrium concentration. The process in question is the base ionization of acetate ion, for which
K b ( for CH 3 CO 2 − ) = K w K a ( for CH 3 CO 2 H ) = 1.0 × 10 −14 1.8 × 10 −5 = 5.6 × 10 −10 K b ( for CH 3 CO 2 − ) = K w K a ( for CH 3 CO 2 H ) = 1.0 × 10 −14 1.8 × 10 −5 = 5.6 × 10 −10
Substituting the available values into the Kb expression gives
K b = [ CH 3 CO 2 H ] [ OH − ] [ CH 3 CO 2 − ] = 5.6 × 10 −10 K b = [ CH 3 CO 2 H ] [ OH − ] [ CH 3 CO 2 − ] = 5.6 × 10 −10
= [ CH 3 CO 2 H ] ( 2.5 × 10 −6 ) ( 0.050 ) = 5.6 × 10 −10 = [ CH 3 CO 2 H ] ( 2.5 × 10 −6 ) ( 0.050 ) = 5.6 × 10 −10
Solving the above equation for the acetic acid molarity yields [CH3CO2H] = 1.1 × × 10 −5 M.
Some salts are composed of both acidic and basic ions, and so the pH of their solutions will depend on the relative strengths of these two species. Likewise, some salts contain a single ion that is amphiprotic, and so the relative strengths of this ion’s acid and base character will determine its effect on solution pH. For both types of salts, a comparison of the Ka and Kb values allows prediction of the solution’s acid-base status, as illustrated in the following example exercise.
Consider each of the ions separately in terms of its effect on the pH of the solution, as shown here:
(a) The K + cation is inert and will not affect pH. The bromide ion is the conjugate base of a strong acid, and so it is of negligible base strength (no appreciable base ionization). The solution is neutral.
(b) The Na + cation is inert and will not affect the pH of the solution; while the HCO 3 − HCO 3 − anion is amphiprotic. The Ka of HCO 3 − HCO 3 − is 4.7 × × 10 −11 ,and its Kb is 1.0 × 10 −14 4.3 × 10 −7 = 2.3 × 10 −8 . 1.0 × 10 −14 4.3 × 10 −7 = 2.3 × 10 −8 .
(c) The Na + cation is inert and will not affect the pH of the solution, while the HPO 4 2− HPO 4 2− anion is amphiprotic. The Ka of HPO 4 2− HPO 4 2− is 4.2 × × 10 −13 ,
and its Kb is 1.0 × 10 −14 6.2 × 10 −8 = 1.6 × 10 −7 . 1.0 × 10 −14 6.2 × 10 −8 = 1.6 × 10 −7 . Because Kb >> Ka, the solution is basic.
(d) The NH 4 + NH 4 + ion is acidic (see above discussion) and the F − ion is basic (conjugate base of the weak acid HF). Comparing the two ionization constants: Ka of NH 4 + NH 4 + is 5.6 × × 10 −10 and the Kb of F − is 1.6 × × 10 −11 , so the solution is acidic, since Ka > Kb.
(a) basic; (b) neutral; (c) acidic; (d) basic
Unlike the group 1 and 2 metal ions of the preceding examples (Na + , Ca 2+ , etc.), some metal ions function as acids in aqueous solutions. These ions are not just loosely solvated by water molecules when dissolved, instead they are covalently bonded to a fixed number of water molecules to yield a complex ion (see chapter on coordination chemistry). As an example, the dissolution of aluminum nitrate in water is typically represented as
Al ( NO 3 ) 3 ( s ) ⇌ Al 3 + ( a q ) + 3 NO 3 − ( a q ) Al ( NO 3 ) 3 ( s ) ⇌ Al 3 + ( a q ) + 3 NO 3 − ( a q )
However, the aluminum(III) ion actually reacts with six water molecules to form a stable complex ion, and so the more explicit representation of the dissolution process is
Al ( NO 3 ) 3 ( s ) + 6 H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + 3 NO 3 − ( a q ) Al ( NO 3 ) 3 ( s ) + 6 H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + 3 NO 3 − ( a q )
As shown in Figure 14.13, the Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ions involve bonds between a central Al atom and the O atoms of the six water molecules. Consequently, the bonded water molecules' O–H bonds are more polar than in nonbonded water molecules, making the bonded molecules more prone to donation of a hydrogen ion:
Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( O H ) 2+ ( a q ) K a = 1.4 × 10 −5 Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( O H ) 2+ ( a q ) K a = 1.4 × 10 −5
The conjugate base produced by this process contains five other bonded water molecules capable of acting as acids, and so the sequential or step-wise transfer of protons is possible as depicted in few equations below:
Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( O H ) 2+ ( a q ) Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( O H ) 2+ ( a q )
Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 4 ( OH ) 2 + ( a q ) Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 4 ( OH ) 2 + ( a q )
Al ( H 2 O ) 4 ( OH ) 2 + ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 3 ( OH ) 3 ( a q ) Al ( H 2 O ) 4 ( OH ) 2 + ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 3 ( OH ) 3 ( a q )
This is an example of a polyprotic acid, the topic of discussion in a later section of this chapter.
or bent arrangement. Outside the brackets to the right is a space-filling model that includes a red central sphere with two smaller white spheres attached in a bent arrangement. Beneath this structure is the label “H subscript 2 O.” A double sided arrow follows. Another set of brackets follows to the right of the arrows which have a superscript of two plus outside to the right. The structure inside the brackets is similar to that on the left, except a white atom is removed from the structure. The label below is also changed to “[ A l ( H subscript 2 O ) subscript 5 O H ] superscript 2 plus.” To the right of this structure and outside the brackets is a space filling model with a central red sphere to which 3 smaller white spheres are attached. This structure is labeled “H subscript 3 O superscript plus.”" width="975" height="332" />
Aside from the alkali metals (group 1) and some alkaline earth metals (group 2), most other metal ions will undergo acid ionization to some extent when dissolved in water. The acid strength of these complex ions typically increases with increasing charge and decreasing size of the metal ions. The first-step acid ionization equations for a few other acidic metal ions are shown below:
Fe ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Fe ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ( a q ) p K a = 2.74 Fe ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Fe ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ( a q ) p K a = 2.74
Cu ( H 2 O ) 6 2+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Cu ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) + ( a q ) p K a = ~ 6.3 Cu ( H 2 O ) 6 2+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Cu ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) + ( a q ) p K a = ~ 6.3
Zn ( H 2 O ) 4 2+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Zn ( H 2 O ) 3 ( OH ) + ( a q ) p K a = 9.6 Zn ( H 2 O ) 4 2+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Zn ( H 2 O ) 3 ( OH ) + ( a q ) p K a = 9.6
Calculate the pH of a 0.10-M solution of aluminum chloride, which dissolves completely to give the hydrated aluminum ion [ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 ] 3+ [ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 ] 3+ in solution.
Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ( a q ) K a = 1.4 × 10 −5 Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ( a q ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⇌ H 3 O + ( a q ) + Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ( a q ) K a = 1.4 × 10 −5
An ICE table with the provided information is
Substituting the expressions for the equilibrium concentrations into the equation for the ionization constant yields:
K a = [ H 3 O + ] [ Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ] [ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ] K a = [ H 3 O + ] [ Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ] [ Al ( H 2 O ) 6 3+ ]
= ( x ) ( x ) 0.10 − x = 1.4 × 10 −5 = ( x ) ( x ) 0.10 − x = 1.4 × 10 −5 x = 1.2 × 10 −3 M x = 1.2 × 10 −3 M
The ICE table defined x as equal to the hydronium ion concentration, and so the pH is calculated to be
pH = −log [ H 3 O + ] = 2.92 ( an acidic solution ) pH = −log [ H 3 O + ] = 2.92 ( an acidic solution )
What is [ Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ] [ Al ( H 2 O ) 5 ( OH ) 2+ ] in a 0.15-M solution of Al(NO3)3 that contains enough of the strong acid HNO3 to bring [H3O + ] to 0.10 M?
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